GM crops by backdoor

By Basudev Acharya

Apart from issues related to seed monopoly and rural livelihood, there are serious biosafety concerns the world over.

Across the world, there is huge controversy around the introduction of genetically modified/engineered (GM/GE) crops. On one hand there are a few biotech crop developers and scientists recommending the use of GM technology as solution for food security and on other there are concerns about its impact on human health, environment and socioeconomy. Added to that is the unpredictability and irreversibility of genetic engineering and the uncontrollability of GM crops once let out in the environment. One of the major concerns about GM crops is that they only serve the purpose of multinational seed giants. All GM technologies come along with Intellectual Property Rights and patent tags of multinational seed companies which would ensure their monopolies as has happened in the case of Bt cotton, the only GM crop commercially cultivated in India. While there were 619 varieties of Bt cotton approved for release until Aug 2009 in the country, 514 of them are owned by Monsanto, the US multinational seed giant, which also holds a global monopoly in the total seed sales of Bt cotton. One has already seen how Monsanto has armtwisted the state governments in India to increase the cotton seed prices this season. Bt Brinjal, the first GM food crop to have reached commercialisation stage in our country, also had a Cry 1Ac gene owned by Monsanto and licenced to Mahyco for developing Bt Brinjal. There is a threat of GM crops becoming the tool for control of the seed and thereby the agriculture sector by multinational seed corporations. Apart from issues related to seed monopoly and rural livelihood, there are serious biosafety concerns being debated world over. Different studies have consistently indicated the possible ill-effects of GMs on health and environment. There is a clear need for an independent report on various effects of GM crops, including long term studies and chronic toxicity studies. Biosafety concerns must be addressed before any open air release of GM crops including field trials. It is in this context that one should look at the growing debate on GM crops in India. The crisis in Indian agriculture needs no further statement, but to attribute it to just technology lag and promote technofixes, like GM crops, as the only solution to it is not only myopic but also criminal and this is precisely what the Indian government seems to be doing. The debate in India on GE crops started with Bt cotton, the only commercially approved GE crop in the country (March, 2002) and had become loud and visible around the approval of Bt Brinjal. During public consultations organised by the Union ministry of environment and forests last year on Bt Brinjal, there were concerns raised by farmers, civil society, and health and environment experts against GM crops and also against the existing regulatory system in the country, the government then rolled back the approval validating these concerns. Field trials  While Bt Brinjal is under moratorium, numerous GM crops are being released in to the open fields in the name of field trials, which could lead to contamination of our regular crop varieties by these GM crops whose biosafety is yet to be ascertained. Efforts are also on by GM crop developers like Monsanto to push herbicide tolerant corn and cotton in India. Field trials of these crops have been happening and are expected to come up for commercialisation soon. Recommendations submitted by the Swaminathan Task Force on Agri-Biotechnology, whose report was accepted by the government in 2004, clearly stated that India should  adopt  such technologies as genetic engineering only where alternatives do not exist. It also categorically rejected technologies that would be detrimental to agriculture labour like the herbicide tolerant crops. To top it all the government is proposing a new regulatory system for GM crops called the Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI) which is supposed to be tabled in the monsoon session. From what one has seen of the media leaked versions of its drafts, BRAI is going to lower the bar for approvals of GM crops. The problems with the proposed bill starts with the grave conflict of interest where the regulator is proposed to be located in the ministry of science and technology which also has the mandate  to promote GM crops in the country. The last version seen in the media paints the picture of a centralised technocratic body with pretty much no role for the elected representatives of the people of this country. It did not have longterm biosafety assessments and also maintains the current system of letting the GM crop developer do the biosafety assessment. It also proposed to circumvent the Right to Information Act, 2005, and went even to the extent of proposing imprisonment and fines for those opposing GM crops without scientific evidence. Thus the BRAI that government plans to put in place, at its onset looks like a non transparent, unquestionable authority. Given that the existing regulatory system is defunct, what needs to be immediately done is stopping the release of any GM crop in to our environment be it for commercialisation or for research. We should not fail to ask fundamental questions like whether there is a need for this technology and whether safer and sustainable alternatives exist for a proposed product. This is what the existing and proposed regulatory systems for GM crops fail to do in India and the fact is that for any GM crop that is being developed in any part of the word right now, there exists ecological alternatives which are economically and socially sustainable. (The writer is the chairman of parliament’s standing committee on agriculture)

Legal action against two firms in BT brinjal case

NEW DELHI:  The BT brinjal case just got murkier.Government's National Biodiversity Authority has decided to take legal action against Mayhco and Monsanto for using Indian varieties of the vegetable without mandatory permissions. 

The authority, meant to govern use of Indian genetic resources by business and research groups, decided in its meeting in June to initiate legal action against the companies and their collaborators for violating the Biodiversity Conservation Act and using the genetic material from India without the mandatory permissions from either the state or central board authorised to permit such work. 

The last meeting of NBA recorded, "A background note besides legal opinion on Bt brinjal on the alleged violation by the Mahyco/Monsanto, and their collaborators for accessing and using the local brinjal varieties for development of Bt brinjal without prior approval of the competent authorities was discussed and it was decided that the NBA may proceed legally against Mahyco/Monsanto, and all others concerned to take the issue to its logical conclusion." 

The move comes after a Bangalore-based NGO, Environment Support Group, filed a case before the state authority - Karnataka Biodiversity Board -- against the companies and consortium of research organizations for using the Indian varieties without mandatory clearances. 

Environment Support Group complained to the Karnataka Biodiversity Board on February 15, 2011. The state authority investigated the matter and in May 2011 reported to the national board that six local varieties had been used for development of Bt Brinjal without permissions. Mayhco and its collaborator, the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, defended themselves before the state authority for not seeking permissions stating that the project did not involve profit making or transfer of genetic resources. 

Under the Biodiversity Act, violations of this nature can attract up to three years of imprisonment and Rs 5 lakh penalty.

Save our onions from seed predators

Dinesh C. Sharma  | August 11, 2011

An internationally reputed entomologist, Petr Svacha, was arrested and put behind bars in a Darjeeling jail a couple of years ago for allegedly violating the Biodiversity Protection Act 2002. His crime: he was found collecting some moths and insects in forest areas. None of them were endangered species nor was Svacha in a protected forest.

Now contrast this with another case of biopiracy. A multinational seed firm is accused of 'accessing' nine local varieties of eggplant and using this plant material to develop a genetically modified brinjal variety - popularly known as bt brinjal.

One of the state biodiversity boards finds prima facie violation of the Act and forwards the complaint to the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) for further action. NBA not only sits on the complaint for over a year, but also processes a fresh application by the same company to 'access' indigenous germlines of onions. In one case, a scientist is summarily jailed allegedly for being a biopirate, while in the other no action is taken even after evidence of biopiracy is found against a powerful commercial entity.

These two incidents demonstrate how India has made a sham of its biodiversity regulation.

NBA had to be set up to fulfill obligations after India signed the Convention on Biological Diversity. It took a long time for the authority and state boards to become functional.

Once NBA was set up, it was promptly converted into a convenient parking lot for bureaucrats from agriculture and environment ministries. All its chairmen since 2003 have been serving or retired babus, and members are all joint secretary level officers from different ministries.

One can call it a committee of joint secretaries rather than NBA. Even so-called nonofficial members are also drawn from the same pool. In fact, for the first time NBA will have a Chairman from outside the babudom this week. The problem with these people is that they consider the authority as an extension of the government, and have reduced it to a clearing house of applications from multinationals for accessing India's biodiversity.

While applications from commercial firms for accessing biological material are processed with alacrity, complaints against them are not handled with the same level of efficiency. The time taken by NBA in dealing with the complaint of biopiracy against Monsanto, which now wants to access onion parental lines, is a case in point.

The Monsanto application for the use of onion plant material for developing commercial grade onion hybrid seeds also raises some fundamental issues.

How do you arrive at value of plant material and who decides this? The company is going to pay Rupees ten lakh to the Indian Institute of Horticulture Research for 25 grams each of Male sterile (A line) and Maintener (B line) of MS 48 and MS 65 as 'onetime license fee'. Is this the right price for a plant material which would perhaps spin a multi-billion dollar hybrid onion business for Monsanto? Should it be Rs 10 lakh or Rs 100 crore? (the export market alone of Indian onions is in excess of Rs 1000 crore a year).

When hybrids are already being developed in state-funded Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, should a predatory seed firm be allowed entry at all? All these questions need convincing answers. Onion prices can bring tears in the eyes of politicians at the time of elections and bring down governments.

Hope the issue of biodiversity of onion will be dealt with the same level of gravity.

Kisan Swaraj Yatra enters Bihar – interacts with farmers, farmer leaders and intellectuals in Patna

The Yatra entered Bihar today and the 3-day trip in Bihar began with a public meeting at Srikrishna Vigyan Kendra, Patna. The meeting was attended by farmers, farmer leaders with various unions, students from schools and colleges, urban consumers, media representatives and an ex-Minister, ex-MLA and so on and was chaired by the Chairperson of the State Farmers’ Commission, Dr Upendranath Verma (an active person in his 90s), who was also a former Minister for Rural Development.

Bihar State President of BKU, Mr Ramanuj Singh observed that no political party included any farmers’ issues in their election manifestos in the recently-concluded election, which is a worrisome factor. He lamented at the fact that lakhs of masoor was lying with very poor price support for farmers. He also questioned the institutional credit policies in relation to farmers – why is it that for every tractor that a farmer gets, the mortgage is worth eight to ten times, whereas it is not the same credit policy for other sectors, he asked. He also told the Yatris that if there is hope for a true farmers’ struggle rising up again in the country along the lines that Gandhiji dreamt of, it would happen from Bihar and West Champaran! Mr Dhirendra Narayan Sharma of Bharatiya Kisan Sangh, said that the “Green Revolution in Eastern India” should be aptly called as “Loot ki kranti” (“exploitation-revolution”). He pointed out that this country never saw even one political leader who said that they will not accept any hikes in their salaries and emoluments unless farmers get proper remunerative prices and that is the misfortune of the farmers in the country. He also questioned the so-called organic farming implementation in the state of Bihar.

Mr Gowrishankar Nagdansh, an ex-Minister in the Bihar government also spoke. He raised issues related to sharecroppers and talked about a sahityakaar Pharmeshwar Nath “Renu” who did not send his children to school – “he understood that sending children to our education institutions will pull them out of farming I guess”, he remarked.

Mr Vijay Pratap of SADED, well known social activist, emphasized on the need to focus on rainfed agriculture – he reminded everyone that the rainfed belts are the ones which provide nutritious food for everyone. He also pointed out that other regions in India will have to experience the same plight as Punjab today, if we don’t correct our path and learn lessons from the earlier Green Revolution. He also questioned the government’s faith in the American farming models and pointed out that these have been proven to be unsustainable and adding to climate change. We have to come out of our aping of the western notions of development and change our thinking with regard to our farming. He said that the nation has to focus on the revival of the rural economy.

Dr Upendranath Verma raised his concerns against Monsanto being given an official status in India. Our decision makers are corrupt and I have no hesitation saying that here, he remarked. He hoped that the fire that will spread from this Yatra will consume the foreign companies in India and make them flee from here. “We need at least hundred such public meetings in Bihar to be organized after this Yatra leaves – we have to go to the villages with this message – let us get everyone here to shun GM seeds and to save their own seeds”, he said.

Yatris explained why the western influenced intense agriculture can never be a solution for the Indian model of small / individual and marginal farmers. The symbiotic relationship between organic farming and small and marginal holdings was explained. That the current crisis in Indian farming is also an issue for the non-farmers like the urban consumers was also explained in detail.

Other farmers, especially from Bihar Kisan Sangharsh Samiti who spoke in the meeting urged the ASHA people to stay away from (party) politics to ensure that farmers’ issues are carried forward in a non-partisanal manner. Pankaj Bhushan of Tara Foundation explained the nature of ASHA and assured them that this is not linked to political parties.

They also pointed out that there has been large scale failure of maize and matar (green peas) and nothing has been done to compensate farmers for the losses that they incurred.

The whole house rejected the Green Revolution proposals in Bihar by the Union Government. The Yatra put forward three main demands to the yet-to-be-formed government in Bihar:

• Promote organic farming in the state
• Not allow any GM seeds in the state including open air trials and make a legislation to that effect
• Pick up lessons from the earlier Green Revolution and ensure that the Green Revolution proposals are in the benefit of farmers and in a sustainable livelihoods framework

There was a rally afterwards uptil Gandhi Statue where Yatris and others paid homage to the Mahatma. “Mahatma Gandhi ka naara goonjega, is desh ke kone kone mein”, was the slogan that rented the skies. Then we moved to Taru Mitra Bioreserve, an ecological ashram set up by thousands of students across the globe. This place which was a rice field till 1996 was converted to the green heaven it is today by sheer labour from students. There is so much thrust on having as many local species of trees as possible and the fact that the students were not only enlightened about the need of such a spread but also other eco-sensitive issues. We interacted with students from different schools in Patna here.

The day ended with a fantastic public meeting in the Musallahpur bazaar with literally thousands of people listening to the Yatris. Leaflets flew in thousands and it was fantastic to watch people read the leaflets with great interest and do slogan-shouting along with us. The best part was that as we closed the meeting, we did not find a single leaflet dropped on the road – people carefully folded the handbills and put them in their pockets and left. We left for Muzaffarpur after this.

Yatra against mutated food, crops

http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100826/jsp/bihar/story_12855636.jsp

AMIT BHELARI

NGO Lokyan president Vijay Pratap addresses a news meet in Patna on Wednesday. Picture by Ashok Sinha Patna Aug. 25: GM Free Bihar Movement, spearheading a countrywide campaign against genetically modified food, today announced that it would launch a Kisan Swaraj Yatra on October 2. The journey by bus, slated to take two months, would cover 19 states across the country. The bus would pass through Patna, Muzaffarpur, Rajendra Agriculture University, Samastipur, and Champaran on the Bihar leg of its tour between November 22 and 24. GM Free Bihar Movement convener Pankaj Bhusan said: “Kisan Swaraj Yatra is an effort to reach out towards self-reliant, ecological farming and for securing the rights of farmers.” Bhusan said that the yatra would also help in creating a platform for state governments which want to assert their constitutional authority over agriculture and health as state projects. The president of an NGO, Lokyan, Vijay Pratap, said: “It is matter of shame that in a country where nearly 70 per cent of the population is still dependent on farming and food production, hundreds of farmers are being forced to commit suicide.” Social activist Mihir Kumar, who also took part in the seminar, said BT brinjal, the first genetically modified food crop sought to be introduced in India, has been stopped by the central government. BT brinjal was developed by Monsanto, a multinational company based in the US in partnership with India's Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company and was approved for commercialisation in 2009 but was withdrawn after a public outcry. Kumar Shubhamoorty, a member of GM Free Bihar Movement, said: “The yatra requires active participation and support of the people.” Suresh Gupta, a pioneer in organic farming, said: “Throughout the yatra, the campaign is based on the philosophy of Satyameva Jayate.” Parveen Amanullah, a member of Hum Log Trust, said: “The yatra believes that genetically modified seeds are dangerous.” He added: “It would have adverse effects on farmers, consumers and our environment. It needs to be resisted.” The yatra is being organised by the Alliance for Sustainable and Holistic Agriculture and would be led by the convener of the GM Free Movement, Pankaj Bhusan, and Kavitha Kuruganti from Kheti Virasat Mission, Punjab. The yatra would commence from Sabarmati Ashram in Gujarat and would end in Delhi on December 11.

Sonia’s root concerns stay in new Seeds Bill

http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Sonia-s-root-concerns-stay-in-new-Seeds-Bill/653252

About five years after Sonia Gandhi raised a red flag on the Seeds Bill, 2004, on the grounds of “a growing perception” that it was “anti-farmer”, the Agriculture Ministry is preparing to introduce an amended version in the current session of Parliament.

However, the Seeds Bill, 2010, reportedly also falls short of Congress’ expectations, and it has joined the Left and farmers’ organisations in demanding more changes in it.

Leading the opposition is the Congress regime in Andhra Pradesh. Agriculture Minister Sharad Pawar planned to bring the amended Bill in the last session of Parliament, but the move was scuttled after Andhra Congress leaders met PM Manmohan Singh and Sonia to press for more changes in the Bill.

At a meeting convened by Pawar to evolve consensus on the proposed Bill on Wednesday, Andhra Agriculture Minister N Raghuveera Reddy, accompanied by many Congress MPs, demanded setting up of a regulator “to fix prices and royalty, taking into account intellectual property rights”.

बिहार में मक्के के दाने बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनी के हवाले

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            vfHk;ku ds lfØ; lnL; ccyq izdk'k uss dgk ^^nks iSls dh ykyp esa] ns'k dk lkSnk cUn djksA**

            vfHk;ku ds izkUrh; v/;{k lqjs'kxqIrk us bl ekeys esa dgk fd ;g iw.kZr;k cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh lkft'k gS vkSj tc rd ljdkj psrsxh ugha rc rd ,sls gh mudh lkft'k lQy gksrh jgsxhA lHkh dEifu;k¡ tkurh gS fd jkT;ksa esa ;gk¡ rd dh ns'k esa Hkh oÙkZeku esa bu lc eqÌksa ls tqM+k gqvk dksbZ fu;e] vf/kfu;e ykxw ugha gSa ftldk Qk;nk mu cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks fey jgk gS tks vesfjdk esa cSBdj j.kuhfr chtuhfr rS;kj djrs gSA

            vfHk;ku ds la;kstd Jh Hkw"k.k us bl ckr ij tksj fn;k fd vkf[kj D;k otg gS fd lu~ 2008 esa dkslh dh fofHkf"kdk ls ekjs gq, fdlkuksa yksxksa ij ;g eDdk ds chtksa dk dgj bl dnj cjlk fd os vius egktu dk dtZ Hkh pqdrk djus ds yk;d ugha jgsA ftlckr dk [kqyklk fcgkj fo/kkulHkk esa 'kqU;dky ds nkSjku ekuuh; fo/kk;dksa us fd;kA D;k dkslh {ks= ds fdlku ,oa turk gh fofHkUu =klfn;ksas dk f'kdkj gksxh\ ;g Hkh ,d iz'u gSA

            fofnr gks fd ,drjQ fnukad 09-02-2010 dks dsUnzh; i;kZoj.k ea=h us chVh cSaxu ij jksd yxkrs gq, yksdra= dh xfjek dh j{kk dh vksj nwljh rjQ ;s cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;k¡ lkjs fu;e dkuwu dks rk[k ij j[kdj bu VfeZusVj chtksa dk [kqYye[kqYyk O;kikj dj jgh gSaA  

            ;gk¡ ;g vafdr djuk vfuok;Z gksxk fd ^^us'kuy ckW;ksVsDuksykWth vkWfFkjhVh vkWQ bf.M;k fcy & 2010** oÙkZeku laln esa yfEcr gS ftlesa dbZ [kkfe;k¡ n`f"Vxkspj gqbZ gS] jkT; esa Hkh bl rjg dk dksbZ dkuwu ugha gS ftl otg ls bu cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks [kqYye[kqYyk izJ; fey jgk gSA

            ;g dgus esa vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gksxh fd iM+kslh ns'k usiky ds ckjk] ijlk] jmrkg] ljykgh ,oa uoy ijklh tSls ik¡p rjkbZ ftyksa ds 25 gtkj gsDVs;j [ksrksa esa eDds dh Qly ccknZ gqbZ gSA ;gk¡ Hkh os cht cgqjk"Vªh; dEiuh ds gh FksA Kkr gqvk fd ogk¡ ds fdlkuksa us Hkh ik;ksfu;j dEiuh] lhMVsd dEiuh] ihuSdy dEiuh] la/;k dEiuh ,oa eksUlSuVks dEiuh dk cht iz;ksx esa yk;k x;k FkkA ;g Hkh Kkr gqvk fd ik;ksfu;j gkbfczM ,d cgqjk"Vªh; dEiuh Johnson, Indiana, USA dh gSA blh lUnHkZ esa cautfj;k ds jkefd'kqu ikWy dgrs gS fd eSaus d`f"k fodkl cSad ls pkj yk[k :0 dk dtZ ysdj pkj ch?kk esa eDds dh [ksrh dh Fkh] vc iwjs o"kZ ifjokj dks dgk ls f[kykÅ¡xkA catfj;k ds nwljs fdlku foUnk'kkg us bl ckj eDds dh [ksrh ls viuh csVh dh 'kknh dk [okc ns[kk Fkk tks fd ^^fny dh vjek vk¡lqvksa esa cg x,** esa ifj.kr gks x;kA jksrkgr ¼usiky½ ds ftyk d`f"k fodkl dk;kZy; ds vkseizdk'k d.kZ dgrs gS fd ;gk¡ lk<+s&pkj gtkj gsDVs;j tehu esa ik;ksfu;j dEiuh ds V92 fdLe ds chtksa dk iz;ksx gqvk Fkk ftlesa 90% [ksrksa esa nkuk ugha vk;k vkSj mUgksaus lkFk gh lkFk ;g Hkh Lohdkj fd;k fd if'pe caxky] fcgkj] >kj[k.M ,oa m0 izns'k ds fdlku Hkh blh ds f'kdkj gq, gSA ijlk ¼usiky½ ds ftyk d`f"k dk;kZy; ds lgk;d rduhf'k;u n;k jke gfjtu dgrs gSa fd ;gk¡ ds fdlkuksa us V92 ,oa la/;k czkWUM eDds ds chtksa dk mi;ksx fd;k Fkk vkSj 27 Oct. ls 30 Nov. rd bu chtksa dh cksvkbZ gqbZ Fkh ftlesa nkus fcYdqy gh ugha gSA ljykgh ¼usiky½ ds ftyk d`f"k fodkl dk;kZy; ls jkedSyk'k;kno dgrs gS fd ;gk¡ 15 gsDVs;j ls V92 eDds ds cht cks;k x;k Fkk ftlesa nkus ugha vk,A

            mijksDr fo'ys"k.k ls ;g lkfcr gksrk gS fd ;s cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;k¡ gekjs ns'k ds lkFk&lkFk dbZ ns'kksa ds [ksrksa ij dCtk tekdj gesa fQj ls xqyke cukuk pkgrh gSaA ;g dguk vuqfpr ugha gksxk fd bu VsfeZusVj chtksa ls iqu% jksiuh ds fy, cht fufeZr ugha fd, tk ldrs vkSj gj Qly ds fy, gekjs fdlkuksa dks mu cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds ryos pkVus gksaxs tks gekjs xjhc fdlkuksa dks vkRegR;k djus ij etcwj djrh vk jgh gSA

            blh ifjis{; esa th,e eqDr fcgkj vfHk;ku us fcgkj ds eq[;ea=h] mieq[;ea=h ,oa egkefge jkT;iky dks Kkiu nsrs gq, vuqjks/k fd;k gS fd fcgkj jkT; esa u;k cht vf/kfu;e cuk;k tk, ftlds vUrxZr chtksa dh xq.koÙkk ,oa ewY;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k ljdkj dj ldsA lkFk gh lkFk jkT; esa tsusfVd eksfMQk;M ¼th,e½ chtksa ds O;kikj ,oa muds ijh{k.k ij jksd yxkus ls lEcfU/kr dkuwu cuk;k tk ldsA

            ;g blfy, vko';d gS fd fnukad 09-02-2010 dks  chVh cSaxu ij jksd yxus ds mijkUr Hkh ekWfgdks dEiuh tks vesfjdk dh ekSulsUVks dEiuh ds lkFk tqM+h gqbZ gS] ds ikl vHkh Hkh dqy 684631 xzke chVh cSaxu ds cht gS vkSj rfeyukMq d`f"k fo'ofo|ky; dks;EcVqj ds ikl 100 xzke cht gS rFkk /kkjokM+ d`f"k fo'ofo|ky; ds ikl dqy 417 xzke chVh cSaxu ds cht i;kZIr ek=k esa miyC/k gSA ;g vyx ckr gS fd i;kZoj.k ea=ky; v/khuLFk tsusfVd bfUtfu;jhax ,izwoy dfeVh dh cSBd fnukad 14-02-2010 esa] fu/kkZfjr gqvk Fkk fd bu chtksa dks us'kuy C;wjksa vkWQ IykWUV tsusfVDl ,.M fjlkslsZt us tek dj fn, tk,a ysfdu ;g 'kk;n vHkh rd ugha gqvkA vuqqeku yxkuk vc vkids gkFk esa gSaA

iadt Hkw"k.k